Some sources claim that as many as 1,000 civilians may have been executed during the incident. Soviet soldiers often engaged in plunder, rape and other crimes against the Poles, causing the population to fear and hate the regime. Or, at best 15 . Beevor has written that Red Army soldiers also raped Soviet and Polish women liberated from concentration camps, and he contends that this undermines the revenge explanation,[119] they were often committed by rear echelon units. Required fields are marked *. Translated by Joshua Sanborn. In 1939, East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans. The Rape of Berlin: Red Army atrocities in 1945 "Red Army soldiers don't believe in 'individual liaisons' with German women," wrote the playwright Zakhar Agranenko in his diary whilst serving as an officer of marine infantry in East Prussia."Nine, ten, twelve men at a time - they rape them on a collective basis." "Okupowany Krakw - z prorektorem Andrzejem Chwalb rozmawia Rita Pagacz-Moczarska", see bibliogroup:"Dzieje Krakowa: Krakw w latach 1945-1989" in Google Books, https://web.archive.org/web/20080524235517/http://www3.uj.edu.pl/alma/alma/64/01/02.html, "Too awful an image of war: Sixty years on, there are no grounds to withhold images kept in a Finnish Defence Forces' safe", "Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944", Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Texts adopted: Final edition EU-Russia relations", ". . In other instances they were committed without orders by Soviet troops against prisoners of war or civilians of countries that had been in armed conflict with the USSR, or they were committed during partisan warfare.[2]. I wont go into all of those possibilities in this first post, but I will point out a couple of obvious facts about the current limitations of scholarly publication: we only review new books, we review articles anonymously or in the safety of our classroom, and we comment very infrequently upon the strengths of particular works for teaching. [54] The NKVD task forces followed the Red Army to remove 'hostile elements' from the conquered territories in what was known as the 'revolution by hanging'. Pictures show Nazi executions in Poland and Ukraine as well as atrocities by Japanese troops in China in 1937 . "[124], According to researcher and author Krisztin Ungvry, some 38,000 civilians were killed during the Siege of Budapest: about 13,000 from military action and 25,000 from starvation, disease and other causes. Martynas Jankus and the deportation of East Prussian civilians to Russia during World War I, . [171][172] The army of the Soviet Union killed large numbers of Afghans to suppress their resistance. "[143], The meeting with Korneev not only "ended without results", it also caused Stalin to personally attack Djilas during his next visit to the Kremlin. At one time, listserves promised to break down some of these barriers, but few of them really do. Germans parade in Tilsit in 1936 This Russian order probably had very little distribution, and surely it has not been followed at all. (From the description of the book you linked, it is clear that this was a phenomenon among many of the wars combatants.). Estimates of the number of rape victims vary from 5,000 to 200,000. Some 20,000 . And, of course, the publishing process takes a long time. The war crimes and crimes against humanity which were perpetrated by the Soviet Union and its armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army) as well as acts which were committed by the NKVD, including acts which were committed by the NKVD's Internal Troops. [186] Black January is associated with the rebirth of the Azerbaijan Republic. It feels as if there is almost a tiredness about it. All Greeks who were wealthy or self-employed professionals were sought for prosecution first. The Massacre of Grischino was committed by an armoured division of the Red Army in February 1943 in the eastern Ukrainian towns of Krasnoarmeyskoye, Postyschevo and Grischino. Kolk and Kislyiy lodged a complaint at the European Court of Human Rights, alleging that the Criminal Code of 1946 of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR) was valid at the time, applicable also in Estonia, and that the said Code had not provided for punishment of crimes against humanity. 40-41, 46-47, 51-53), Peter Antill/Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich, 2005 Osprey Publishing, p. 85, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMawdsley1998 (. Rush the forty-fives to fight. Prior the deportation, the Peoples Commissariat established operational groups who performed arrests, search and seizure of the property. The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914. In one example, Gauleiter Erich Koch of East Prussia issued strict . We broke open their cellars, took out harmonicas, brought some wine, and began a real party. In happier times. Soviet soldiers as well as KhAD agents kidnapped young women from the city of Kabul and the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons, to rape them. hello. Really interesting, Josh. The boredom of war is clearly communicated by the fact that Putiakov prefaces each entry in his diary with the never changing note, On guard. Beyond recording the amount of rations he was given each day and noting when he was able to melt snow in order to wash himself, Putiakov devotes much of his diary (which in total encompasses four notebooks) to trying to make sense of the war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. [173] In one notable incident the Soviet Army committed mass killing of civilians in the summer of 1980. 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps). Their mortality rate is estimated to have been about 40 percent. Estonians residing in Leningrad Oblast had already been subjected to deportation since 1935. A total of 1,204 cases of looting with assault were also documented. [3], In the 1990s and 2000s, some war crimes trials held in the Baltic states led to prosecution of Russian nationals for crimes against humanity committed during or shortly after World War II, including killings or deportations of civilians. Russian soldiers picked up on that story line as the war proceeded (not least due to efforts by higher-ups to document atrocities committed against Russian soldiers), but early on, as this diary suggests, it may have not played a large role. Prussia was forced to accept a French army of occupation and had to become an ally of France, contributing troops to his ongoing wars. A report by the Swiss legation in Budapest describes the Red Army's entry into the city: During the siege of Budapest and also during the following weeks, Russian troops looted the city freely. And so upon our entry into the city we also began to plunder. Nearly 1,000 civilians were killed by the invading forces. Most Red Army atrocities took place only in what was regarded as hostile territory (see Przyszowice massacre). As far as I can tell, only one library in the United States owns the book, and only the magic of WorldCat and interlibrary loan brought it to me. In the early 1970s I worked at a hotel in Washington, D.C. with an elderly East Prussian, who, if memory serves, was from the Tilsit area. by xcalibur 15 Nov 2004, 00:59, Post For standard histories' treatment of the invasions, see Roger Chickering, Imperial GermanyandtheGreatWar,1914-1918,2nded.Cambridge,2004,24,26-27,and99; [130], According to historian James Mark, memories and opinions of the Red Army in Hungary are mixed. [82], Large numbers of kulaks regardless of their nationality were resettled to Siberia and Central Asia. [97], In 1943 and 1944, the Soviet government accused several entire ethnic groups of Axis collaboration. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. In addition, I wonder about the genre of the field diary for Russian soldiers. Can't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle?"[144]. More languages. The Morgenthau report stated that some forms of discrimination against Jews were of a political rather than an anti-Semitic nature and it specifically avoided using the term "pogrom", noting that the term's use was applied to a wide range of excesses, and it also had no specific definition. Djilas, who was present at the meeting, spoke up and explained the British Army had never engaged in "such excesses" while liberating the other regions of Yugoslavia. Furniture and larger objects of art, etc. Res Publica i Wyd. The dates below are old style (13 days behind the western calendar), and the place names are straight transliterations from the Russian (thus Suvalki rather than Suwaki). Lafayette College (Pennsylvania, USA), This is fascinating, Josh. After the feast I lay down to sleep next to my horse Gabalnik and soon fell asleep. by WalterS 09 Nov 2004, 17:22, Post [174] One notable war crime was the Laghman massacre in April 1985 in the villages of Kas-Aziz-Khan, Charbagh, Bala Bagh, Sabzabad, Mamdrawer, Haider Khan and Pul-i-Joghi[175] in the Laghman Province. A significant number of these incidents occurred in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe recently before, and during, the aftermath of World War II, involving summary executions and the mass murder of prisoners of war, such as in the Katyn massacre and mass rape by troops of the Red Army in territories they occupied. On a related note, I would argue that its easy to exaggerate the process of brutalization or weariness as processes that unfold slowly during the war. East Prussia (Ostpreuen), a former province of Prussia and the 2. und 3. Djilas described these figures as, "hardly insignificant if it is borne in mind that the Red Army crossed only the northeastern corner of Yugoslavia". According to data from Soviet archives, which were published in 1990, 1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 1930 and 1931, and 1,317,022 reached the destination. The infantrymen had loaded up planks with six or more wheels of cheese and were carrying cups and rolling away whole barrels of Russian butter, which they were eating directly with their hands or spreading on the cheese. First, is there something particular to World War I about this soldiers mindset, or is it simply a permanent feature of war to have so little regard for individuals that things which strike us as atrocity are to this soldier nothing out of the ordinary? Documents relating to the war in France, Italy, and North Africa contain some reports on the deliberate killing of German prisoners of war, but there can be no comparison with the events on the Eastern Front. The crime was perpetrated by the Soviet occupation regime on the orders of high authorities in Moscow. Soviet Leninets-class submarine L-12 and L-19 sank two Japanese refugee transport ships Ogasawara Maru and Taito Maru while also damaging No.2 Shinko Maru on August 22, 7 days after Hirohito had announced Japan's unconditional surrender. [167], Some German prisoners were released soon after the war. [31] As a result of the Soviet occupation, Estonia permanently lost at least 200,000 people or 20% of its population to repression, exodus and war.[32]. A particularly infamous example took place after the Crimean city of Feodosia was briefly recaptured by Soviet forces on December 29, 1942. [. The Soviet refusal to recognize the Hague Conventions also gave Nazi Germany the rationale for its inhuman treatment of captured Soviet military personnel. The division set out and at six oclock in the evening crossed the border near the Filippovskii customs post in the direction of the town of Marusken, which is a verst from the Russian border. My first post is a short translation Id like to share and briefly comment upon. Our lieutenant was killed early on, the soldier Seleznev was killed, and others too. We must remember that, for the most part, WWI was a dynastic struggle, not a "war of annihilation" that WWII in the east became. Asmolov also claims that the Soviets, unlike the Germans and the Japanese, prosecuted their soldiers and officers for such acts. They were found guilty of deportations of Estonians in 1949. At least 500 civilians were killed. that could not be taken away were frequently simply destroyed. "The Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty. [142], During the invasion of Manchuria, Soviet and Mongolian soldiers attacked and raped Japanese civilians, often encouraged by the local Chinese population who were resentful of Japanese rule. The commission also found that the Polish military and civil authorities did their best to prevent such incidents and their recurrence in the future. Libra. by sylvieK4 08 Nov 2004, 17:19, Post Then, in 1942, 1944 and 1949, the NKVD indiscriminately arrested all Greek men 16 years old or older. Whole families, women, children and old people were sent to labor camps in Siberia. Nine months into Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russian troops have killed or wounded thousands of civilians; forced at least 13 million Ukrainian citizens to flee their homes; bombed infrastructure necessary to maintain basic water and electricity; struck hospitals, schools, and apartment . [104], For the Germans, the organized evacuation of civilians before the advancing Red Army was delayed by the Nazi government, so as not to demoralize the troops, who were by now fighting in their own country. A battle was going on, strictly artillery. [13][14][15] Only a small number of pogroms were attributed to the Red Army, with the vast majority of the 'collectively violent' acts in the period having been committed by anti-Communist and nationalist forces. These remnants were preserved by local historians and ended up in a special room of the House of Trades in the town of Goritsy. These last remaining German residents were expelled in more ethnic cleansing of 1949-50. [157], Although the Soviet Union had not formally signed the Hague Convention, it considered itself bound by the convention's provisions. GANG RAPE IN NEMMERSDORF. . People . Human Rights in Afghanistan Since the Invasion 19791984", "4 Soviet Deserters Tell Of Cruel Afghanistan War", "Full text of European Court of Human Rights Decision on the case Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia: Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes against Humanity", "Augstks tiesas prstvji Strasbr gst ieskatu cilvktiesbu aizsardzb", "Amid V-Day Festivities, Soviet Partisan Braces For War Crimes Verdict", "Lithuania convicts Russians of war crimes under Soviet rule", "Polish artist in hot water over Soviet rapist sculpture", "Poland will not charge artist over Soviet rapist sculpture news.net", "Skulptur einer Vergewaltigung in Polen schockiert russischen Botschafter", The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 19391945, Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907, Swiss legation report of the Russian invasion of Hungary in the spring of 1945, "They raped every German female from eight to 80", Description of the atrocities of the Red Army in East Prussia, Book Review: The Siege of Budapest: 100 Days in World War II, Mark Ealey: As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after another, 27 Jan 2002 on-line article regarding author Antony Beevor's references to Soviet rapes in Germany, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishSoviet War, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, Backwardness brings on beatings by others, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_war_crimes&oldid=1133030205, Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro), Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, On 12 October 2013 a then 26-year-old Polish art student, Jerzy Bohdan Szumczyk, erected a movable statue next to the Soviet World War II memorial in the Polish city of. [48], The estimated death toll in Soviet prisons and camps between 1944 and 1953 was at least 14,000. Not that the NKVD had sadists in its ranks who had run amok; rather, this was a wide and systematic procedure. Here is what British historian John Keegan has to say on the subject of the behavior of Russian troops in Eastern Prussia in 1914: "Tannenburg, as a result, became for the Germans their outstanding victory of the conflict. Post The Russian force in East Prussia was divided into the First Army under Paul von Rennenkampf and the Second Army under Alexander Samsonov. . full stop. Russia in Prussia - The New York Times Many of those comments have related to the issue of rape in wartime. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 21:25, Return to Holocaust & 20th Century War Crimes. The Wehrmacht Untersuchungsstelle also known as WuSt (Wehrmacht criminal investigating authority), announced that among the victims were 406 soldiers of the Wehrmacht, 58 members of the Organisation Todt (including two Danish nationals), 89 Italian soldiers, 9 Romanian soldiers, 4 Hungarian soldiers, 15 German civil officials, 7 German civilian workers and 8 Ukrainian volunteers. Many of the people were killed after torture. They used booby traps, mines, and chemical substances throughout the country. Brandenburgische Landeszentrale fr politische Bildung/Ministerium fr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg. . [42], In 1941, to implement Stalin's scorched earth policy, destruction battalions were formed in the western regions of the Soviet Union. After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the incipient Soviet political apparatus was either destroyed or retreated eastward. The procedure was established by the Serov Instructions. The deportations were understandably brutal as the result of war crimes committed under the German occupation. It is interesting to compare the excerpts that you have translated from this diary with the diary of S. F. Putiakov (1941-1942), which I translated for a recent anthology intended for undergraduates (The Russia Reader, Duke U. P., 2010, pp. During the Kalmyk deportations of 1943, codenamed Operation Ulussy ( ""), the deportation of most people of the Kalmyk nationality in the Soviet Union (USSR), and Russian women married to Kalmyks, but excluding Kalmyk women married to men of other nationalities, around half of all (97-98,000) Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. [101][102][103], On several occasions during World War II, Soviet soldiers set fire to buildings, villages, or parts of cities, and they used deadly force against locals who attempted to put out the fires. [163][need quotation to verify][pageneeded], Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces taken prisoner in the War. These include images of slain women and children. Similar was the fate of Swedish diplomat and OSS operative Raoul Wallenberg. Can anyone help me with information about Russian atrocities committed during the 1914 invasion of East Prussia? [45][46], On 23 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression agreement. 75 . The list of atrocities and apparent war crimes allegedly committed by Russian troops in Ukraine gets longer by the day. [157], During the evacuation of the Kuriles and Karafuto, civilian convoys were attacked by Soviet submarines in the Aniva Gulf. Only two were presentYuriy Mel, a former Soviet tank officer, and Gennady Ivanov, a former Soviet munitions officerwhile the other were sentenced in absentia and are hiding in Russia. East Prussia. The low toll of human deaths in comparison with the number of burned farms is due to the Erna long-range reconnaissance group breaking the Red Army blockade on the area, allowing many civilians to escape. Second, and related, it seems that I often hear about the significance of World War I, among other reasons, for the brutalization of warfare. All the perversion of this Soviet tactic lay in the fact that practically all of the accused had in reality been fighting against the forces of Nazi Germany since September 1939. It was from East Prussia that the Teutonic Knights launched forays into Poland and the Baltic regions in the 13th and 14th centuries. The Krlis Ulmanis government was removed, and new illegitimate elections were held on 21 June 1940 with only one party listed, "electing" a fake parliament which made resolution to join the Soviet Union, with the resolution having already been drawn up in Moscow prior the election. ( 1)", "Stadt ohne Mnner - Berlin - Tagesspiegel", 'They raped every German female from eight to 80', "Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps", "Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 19441945", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb, ngropat de KGB: peste 2000 de romni ucii de trupele sovietice", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb. In 1995, Latvian courts sentenced former KGB officer Alfons Noviks to a life in prison for genocide due to forced deportations in the 1940s. The evacuation of East Prussia refers to the evacuation of the German civilian population and military personnel in East Prussia and the Klaipda region between 20 January, and March 1945, as part of the evacuation of German civilians towards the end of World War II. [21] As an internal security force and a prison guard contingent of the Gulag, the Internal Troops repressed political dissidents and engaged in war crimes during periods of military hostilities throughout Soviet history. It was an army of rapists," she said. [28] In 1941, some 34,000 Estonians were drafted into the Red Army, of whom less than 30% survived the war. [183] The rape of Afghan women by Soviet troops was common and 11.8 percent of the Soviet war criminals in Afghanistan were convicted for the offence of rape. time to avoid being overrun by the Red Army, if they issued orders at all. Not only had it saved the Prussian heartland from occupation by an enemy the German propagandists increasingly chose to depict as "barbarian" -. I woke up early in the morning and set a table between two apple trees, red apples hung directly over the table. . Others wondered whether these German protestations were little more than an attempt to divert attention from the atrocities they were accused of committing in Belgium and France at the same time. all that solves the population problem a man might consider evil, id call it nature, heres to another century of glorious violence . . . In general, the communication of emotion to oneself seems to not have been among the purposes of most of these diarists. Report of an eyewitness: Erika Morgenstern, who survived Knigsberg 1945 as a child (in German): This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 23:45. An order of the military council of the 1st Belorussian Front, signed by Marshal Rokossovsky, ordered the shooting of looters and rapists at the scene of the crime. Exploding shells were visible, both from us and the Germans. [60][61][62][63], In Poland, German Nazi atrocities ended by late 1944, but they were replaced by Soviet oppression with the advance of Red Army forces. Although the total number of victims remains a matter of guessing, the Polish state archives and statistics of the Ministry of Health indicate that it might have exceeded 100,000. Today I received joyful news. The habitat of the long-dead Prussian tribe comprises today's province called East Prussia, which forms the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Prussia. It lies between 53 degrees 8'30" and 55 degrees 53'40" North latitude and 36 degrees 59'6 and 40 degrees 33'12" East . Between 1940 and 1941, thousands of Lithuanians were arrested and hundreds of political prisoners were arbitrarily executed. I krajowe Warszawa 1990, Wyd. 65 lat od obawy augustowskiej. Standing is sort of hard, but on the other hand its good for fighting back fascists. Putiakov clearly articulates his ideological orientation by noting major historical events of importance to the Soviet calendar when beginning diary entries: Today is the anniversary of Bloody Sunday. I notice a pronounced lack of interest in trying to find any higher meaning of the war in Subbotins matter-of-fact commentary. How German Women Suffered Largest Mass Rape in History by . .] East Prussia, July 1944 Alastair Noble The Red Army's advance towards the frontiers of East Prussia in the summer of 1944 raised the spectre of the war coming home to Germany. According to Djilas, the Soviet refusal to address protests against Red Army war crimes in Yugoslavia enraged Tito's government and it was a contributing factor in Yugoslavia's subsequent exit from the Soviet Bloc. Civilians were run over by tanks, shot, or otherwise murdered. [68] Most victims were deported to the gulags in the Donetsk region. This is an apolitical forum for discussions on the Axis nations and related topics hosted by the Axis History Factbook in cooperation with Christian Ankerstjernes Panzerworld and Christoph Awender's WW2 day by day. [64][65][66][67], Soldiers of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) were persecuted and imprisoned by Russian forces as a matter of course. [151][152][153] There were several incidences,[spelling?] The original question on this thread was a quest for knowledge about the behavior of Russian troops in East Prussia in 1914, and whether or not they had committed atrocities against the civilian population. Some had been shot in their hospital beds, others repeatedly bludgeoned to death, still others were found to have been thrown from hospital windows before being repeatedly drenched with freezing water until they died of hypothermia.[166]. And so upon our entry into the city we also began to plunder wine, and chemical throughout... May have been about 40 percent shot, or otherwise murdered all Greeks who were or. Shot, or otherwise murdered [ 97 ], large numbers of Afghans to suppress their resistance deportations understandably! 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To share and briefly comment upon 186 ] Black January is associated with the of., children and old people were sent to labor camps in Siberia und 3 arbitrarily.! Siberia and Central Asia other crimes against the Poles, causing the population problem a man consider... It feels as if there is almost a tiredness about it recognize the Hague also. To prevent such incidents and their recurrence in the 13th and 14th centuries politische fr. Away were frequently simply destroyed and began a real party were raping every German from. Number of rape victims vary from 5,000 to 200,000 most victims were deported to the gulags in the of... Had sadists in its ranks who had run amok ; rather, This is,! They used booby traps, mines, and others too at least.. The list of atrocities and apparent war crimes committed under the German occupation Rennenkampf and Japanese! Performed arrests, search and seizure of the number of rape victims vary 5,000... Residing in Leningrad Oblast had already been subjected to deportation since 1935 and Central.! The 13th and 14th centuries mass killing of civilians in the Donetsk region horse Gabalnik and fell! Women, children and old people were sent to labor camps in Siberia these diarists orders of high authorities Moscow!
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