Your small business may. See also Alexander L. George, William E. Simons, and David I. This may allow an attacker who can sneak a payload onto any control system machine to call back out of the control system LAN to the business LAN or the Internet (see Figure 7). Cyber vulnerabilities to DOD Systems may include many risks that CMMC compliance addresses. . DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . , ed. An attacker who wishes to assume control of a control system is faced with three challenges: The first thing an attacker needs to accomplish is to bypass the perimeter defenses and gain access to the control system LAN. 115232August 13, 2018, 132 Stat. The hacker group looked into 41 companies, currently part of the DoD's contractor network. What is Cyber vulnerabilities? NON-DOD SYSTEMS RAISE CONCERNS. Nearly all modern databases allow this type of attack if not configured properly to block it. Therefore, while technologically advanced U.S. military capabilities form the bedrock of its military advantage, they also create cyber vulnerabilities that adversaries can and will undoubtedly use to their strategic advantage. 3 (January 2020), 4883. Additionally, cyber-enabled espionage conducted against these systems could allow adversaries to replicate cutting-edge U.S. defense technology without comparable investments in research and development and could inform the development of adversary offset capabilities. Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at . Given that Congress has already set a foundation for assessing cyber vulnerabilities in weapons systems, there is an opportunity to legislatively build on this progress. A mission-critical control system is typically configured in a fully-redundant architecture allowing quick recovery from loss of various components in the system. While hackers come up with new ways to threaten systems every day, some classic ones stick around. Often it is the responsibility of the corporate IT department to negotiate and maintain long-distance communication lines. The potential risks from these vulnerabilities are huge. Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Chinese state-sponsored cyber actors. See National Science Board, Overview of the State of the U.S. S&E Enterprise in a Global Context, in. A Cyber Economic Vulnerability Assessment (CEVA) shall include the development . At the same time, adversaries are making substantial investments in technology and innovation to directly erode that edge, while also shielding themselves from it by developing offset, antiaccess/area-denial capabilities.7 Moreover, adversaries are engaging in cyber espionage to discern where key U.S. military capabilities and systems may be vulnerable and to potentially blind and paralyze the United States with cyber effects in a time of crisis or conflict.8. For instance, he probably could not change the phase tap on a transformer. 35 it is likely that these risks will only grow as the united states continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure. Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition, Chief Systems Engineer, Naval Systems of Systems Systems Engineering Guidebook, Volume II. Our risk assessment gives organizations a better view of how effective their current efforts are and helps them identify better solutions to keep their data safe. 15 See James D. Fearon, Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs, Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. For example, there is no permanent process to periodically assess the cybersecurity of fielded systems. Estimates claim 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute, with 58% of all malware being trojan accounts. 9 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no. There is instead decentralized responsibility across DOD, coupled with a number of reactive and ad hoc measures that leave DOD without a complete picture of its supply chain, dynamic understanding of the scope and scale of its vulnerabilities, and consistent mechanisms to rapidly remediate these vulnerabilities. However, adversaries could compromise the integrity of command and control systemsmost concerningly for nuclear weaponswithout exploiting technical vulnerabilities in the digital infrastructure on which these systems rely. Dorothy E. Denning, Rethinking the Cyber Domain and Deterrence,, Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence in and Through Cyberspace, in. Security vulnerabilities refer to flaws that make software act in ways that designers and developers did not intend it to, or even expect. For example, Erik Gartzke and Jon Lindsay explore how offensive cyber operations that target a states nuclear command, control, and communications could undermine strategic deterrence and increase the risk of war.32 Similarly, Austin Long notes potential pathways from offensive cyber operations to inadvertent escalation (which is by definition a failure of deterrence) if attacks on even nonmilitary critical systems (for example, power supplies) could impact military capabilities or stoke fears that military networks had likewise been compromised.33. We also describe the important progress made in the fiscal year (FY) 2021 NDAA, which builds on the commissions recommendations. the cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence. , see Angus King and Mike Gallagher, co-chairs, Building a Trusted ICT Supply Chain: CSC White Paper 4, (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission, October 2020), available at <, https://www.solarium.gov/public-communications/supply-chain-white-paper, These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. On January 5, 2022, the largest county in New Mexico had several county departments and government offices taken offline during a ransomware attack. Given the extraordinarily high consequence of a successful adversary cyber-enabled information operation against nuclear command and control decisionmaking processes, DOD should consider developing a comprehensive training and educational requirement for relevant personnel to identify and report potential activity. Hall, eds., The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), for a more extensive list of success criteria. The challenge of securing these complex systems is compounded by the interaction of legacy and newer weapons systemsand most DOD weapons platforms are legacy platforms. 37 DOD Office of Inspector General, Audit of the DoDs Management of the Cybersecurity Risks for Government Purchase Card Purchases of the Commercial Off-the-Shelf Items, Report No. 20 See, for example, Eric Heginbotham et al., The U.S.-China Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 19962017 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2015); Michle A. Flournoy, How to Prevent a War in Asia, Foreign Affairs, June 18, 2020; Christopher Layne, Coming Storms: The Return of Great-Power War, Foreign Affairs, November/December 2020; Daniel R. Coats, Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, February 13, 2018), available at https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf. The costs can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands, payable to cybercriminals in Bitcoin. The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited,. Indeed, Congress chartered the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission in the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act to develop a consensus on a strategic approach to defending the United States in cyberspace against cyberattacks of significant consequences.3 There is also a general acknowledgment of the link between U.S. cyber strategy below and above the threshold of armed conflict in cyberspace. This discussion provides a high level overview of these topics but does not discuss detailed exploits used by attackers to accomplish intrusion. 1735, 114th Cong., Pub. Telematics should therefore be considered a high-risk domain for systemic vulnerabilities. Information shared in this channel may include cyber threat activity, cyber incident details, vulnerability information, mitigation strategies, and more. The types of data include data from the following sources: the data acquisition server, operator control interactions, alarms and events, and calculated and generated from other sources. MAD Security aims to assist DOD contractors in enhancing their cybersecurity efforts and avoiding popular vulnerabilities. 6395, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., 1940. An attacker that gains a foothold on the control system LAN must discover the details of how the process is implemented to surgically attack it. 2 (February 2016). . L. No. The objective would be to improve the overall resilience of the systems as well as to identify secondary and tertiary dependencies, with a focus on rapid remediation of identified vulnerabilities. 36 these vulnerabilities present across four categories, In 1996, a GAO audit first warned that hackers could take total control of entire defense systems. This access can be directed from within an organization by trusted users or from remote locations by unknown persons using the Internet. Veteran owned company dedicated to safeguarding your business and strengthening your security posture while maintaining compliance with cost-effect result-driven solutions. 36 Defense Science Board, Task Force Report: Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat (Washington, DC: DOD, January 2013), available at . By modifying replies, the operator can be presented with a modified picture of the process. L. No. Overall, its estimated that 675,000 residents in the county were impacted. Designs, develops, tests, and evaluates information system security throughout the systems development lifecycle. Vulnerability management is the consistent practice of identifying, classifying, remediating, and mitigating security vulnerabilities within an organization system like endpoints, workloads, and systems. The Department of Energy also plays a critical role in the nuclear security aspects of this procurement challenge.57 Absent a clearly defined leadership strategy over these issues, and one that clarifies roles and responsibilities across this vast set of stakeholders, a systemic and comprehensive effort to secure DODs supply chain is unlikely to occur.58. Recently, peer links have been restricted behind firewalls to specific hosts and ports. 42 Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. Furthermore, with networks becoming more cumbersome, there is a dire need to actively manage cyber security vulnerabilities. A skilled attacker can reconfigure or compromise those pieces of communications gear to control field communications (see Figure 9). A potential impediment to implementing this recommendation is the fact that many cyber threats will traverse the boundaries of combatant commands, including U.S. Cyber Command, U.S. Strategic Command, and the geographic combatant commands. systems. (Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation, 2018), O-1; Scott Boston et al., Assessing the Conventional Force Imbalance in Europe: Implications for Countering Russian Local Superiority, Gordon Lubold and Dustin Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege by Chinese Hackers, Review Asserts,, https://www.wsj.com/articles/navy-industry-partners-are-under-cyber-siege-review-asserts-11552415553. Threat-hunting entails proactively searching for cyber threats on assets and networks. Communications between the data acquisition server and the controller units in a system may be provided locally using high speed wire, fiber-optic cables, or remotely-located controller units via wireless, dial-up, Ethernet, or a combination of communications methods. The FY21 NDAA makes important progress on this front. Course Library: Common Cyber Threat Indicators and Countermeasures Page 8 Removable Media The Threat Removable media is any type of storage device that can be added to and removed from a computer while the system is running.Adversaries may use removable media to gain access to your system. Most control systems come with a vendor support agreement. Off-the-shelf tools can perform this function in both Microsoft Windows and Unix environments. Finally, DoD is still determining how best to address weapon systems cybersecurity," GAO said. Automation and large-scale data analytics will help identify cyberattacks and make sure our systems are still effective. (Sood A.K. The target must believe that the deterring state has both the capabilities to inflict the threatening costs and the resolve to carry out a threat.14 A deterring state must therefore develop mechanisms for signaling credibility to the target.15 Much of the Cold War deterrence literature focused on the question of how to convey resolve, primarily because the threat to use nuclear weaponsparticularly in support of extended deterrence guarantees to allieslacks inherent credibility given the extraordinarily high consequences of nuclear weapons employment in comparison to any political objective.16 This raises questions about decisionmakers willingness to follow through on a nuclear threat. The HMI provides graphical displays for presentation of status of devices, alarms and events, system health, and other information relevant to the system. Innovations in technology and weaponry have produced highly complex weapons systems, such as those in the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, which possesses unparalleled technology, sensors, and situational awarenesssome of which rely on vulnerable Internet of Things devices.37 In a pithy depiction, Air Force Chief of Staff General David Goldfein describes the F-35 as a computer that happens to fly.38 However, the increasingly computerized and networked nature of these weapons systems makes it exponentially more difficult to secure them. Networks can be used as a pathway from one accessed weapon to attack other systems. Rules added to the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) looking for those files are effective in spotting attackers. See also Alexander L. George, William E. Simons, and David I. This could take place in positive or negative formsin other words, perpetrating information as a means to induce operations to erroneously make a decision to employ a capability or to refrain from carrying out a lawful order. How Do I Choose A Cybersecurity Service Provider? The vulnerability is due to a lack of proper input validation of . U.S. strategy focuses on the credible employment of conventional and nuclear weapons capabilities, and the relative sophistication, lethality, and precision of these capabilities over adversaries, as an essential element of prevailing in what is now commonly described as Great Power competition (GPC).18 Setting aside important debates about the merits and limitations of the term itself, and with the important caveat that GPC is not a strategy but rather describes a strategic context, it is more than apparent that the United States faces emerging peer competitors.19 This may be due to changes in the military balance of power that have resulted in a relative decline in Americas position, or China and Russia reasserting their influence regionally and globallyor a combination of these factors.20 While the current strategic landscape is distinct from both the Cold War and the period immediately following, deterrence as a strategic concept is again at the crux of U.S. strategy but with new applications and challenges. - Cyber Security Lead: After becoming qualified by the Defense Information Systems Agency in the field of vulnerability reviewer utilizing . Nevertheless, policymakers attention to cyber threats to conventional and nuclear deterrence has been drowned out by other concernssome of which are inflatedin the cyber domain. Figure 1 presents various devices, communications paths, and methods that can be used for communicating with typical process system components. Heartbleed came from community-sourced code. See National Science Board, Overview of the State of the U.S. S&E Enterprise in a Global Context, in Science and Engineering Indicators 2018 (Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation, 2018), O-1; Scott Boston et al., Assessing the Conventional Force Imbalance in Europe: Implications for Countering Russian Local Superiority (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2018). , ed. large versionFigure 16: Man-in-the-middle attacks. a phishing attack; the exploitation of vulnerabilities in unpatched systems; or through insider manipulation of systems (e.g. Historically, links from partners or peers have been trusted. Man-in-the-middle attacks can be performed on control system protocols if the attacker knows the protocol he is manipulating. A backup control center is used in more critical applications to provide a secondary control system if there is a catastrophic loss of the main system. Common practice in most industries has a firewall separating the business LAN from the control system LAN. One of the most common routes of entry is directly dialing modems attached to the field equipment (see Figure 7). Each control system vendor is unique in where it stores the operator HMI screens and the points database. It can help the company effectively navigate this situation and minimize damage. To strengthen congressional oversight and drive continued progress and attention toward these issues, the requirement to conduct periodic vulnerability assessments should also include an after-action report that includes current and planned efforts to address cyber vulnerabilities of interdependent and networked weapons systems in broader mission areas, with an intent to gain mission assurance of these platforms. 13 Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 5455. 3 (2017), 454455. As stated in the Summary: DOD Cyber Strategy 2018, The Department must defend its own networks, systems, and information from malicious cyber activity and be prepared to defend, when directed, those networks and systems operated by non-DOD-owned Defense Critical Infrastructure (DCI) and Defense Industrial Base (DIB) entities. Ensuring the Cyber Mission Force has the right size for the mission is important. In the FY21 NDAA, Congress incorporated elements of this recommendation, directing the Secretary of Defense to institutionalize a recurring process for cybersecurity vulnerability assessments that take[s] into account upgrades or other modifications to systems and changes in the threat landscape.61 Importantly, Congress recommended that DOD assign a senior official responsibilities for overseeing and managing this processa critical step given the decentralization of oversight detailed hereinthus clarifying the National Security Agencys Cybersecurity Directorates role in supporting this program.62 In a different section of the FY21 NDAA, Congress updated language describing the Principal Cyber Advisors role within DOD as the coordinating authority for cybersecurity issues relating to the defense industrial base, with specific responsibility to synchronize, harmonize, de-conflict, and coordinate all policies and programs germane to defense industrial base cybersecurity, including acquisitions and contract enforcement on matters pertaining to cybersecurity.63. Imagine you were to assess the risk associated with a cyber attack compromising a particular operating system. Administration of the firewalls is generally a joint effort between the control system and IT departments. This has led to a critical gap in strategic thinkingnamely, the cross-domain implications of cyber vulnerabilities and adversary cyber operations in day-to-day competition for deterrence and warfighting above the level of armed conflict. An attacker could also chain several exploits together . Art, To What Ends Military Power?, Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace,. On December 3, Senate and House conferees issued their report on the FY21 NDAA . A vulnerability in the web services interface of Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to conduct directory traversal attacks and read sensitive files on a targeted system. 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